(By: Dr Daanish Chhapra, Consultant Neurology, Holy Family Hospital Bandra Mumbai)
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare but serious autoimmune disorder. It leads to muscle weakness, numbness, and, in severe cases, paralysis. GBS is often triggered by infections or immune responses. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for better recovery.
Causes Of Guillain-Barré Syndrome :
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, damaging their protective covering (myelin sheath) and slowing down nerve signals. It is often triggered by bacterial or viral infections, with Campylobacter jejuni (found in contaminated food and water) being a common cause.
Other infections like influenza, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Zika virus, and COVID-19 can also lead to an abnormal immune response, increasing the risk of GBS. In some cases, GBS has been reported after surgeries or medical procedures due to immune system reactions. While extremely rare, certain vaccinations (such as flu or COVID-19 vaccines) have been linked to GBS, though the risk is significantly lower compared to infections. Additionally, individuals with autoimmune disorders may be at a slightly higher risk of developing the condition.
Symptoms Of Guillain-Barré Syndrome:
GBS symptoms typically start mildly but can progress rapidly within days or weeks. Early recognition is crucial to prevent severe complications.
Initial Symptoms:
- Weakness or tingling in the legs, which may spread to the arms and upper body.
- Numbness or loss of sensation in the hands and feet.
- Unsteady walking or difficulty maintaining balance.
Progressive Symptoms:
- Muscle weakness worsening over time, potentially leading to paralysis.
- Loss of reflexes in the arms and legs.
- Severe pain, particularly in the back, joints, and muscles.
- Trouble swallowing, speaking, or moving facial muscles.
- Rapid heart rate, fluctuations in blood pressure, or difficulty breathing (in severe cases).
- In some cases, GBS can lead to full-body paralysis, requiring intensive medical care, including ventilator support for breathing. However, with timely treatment, most patients recover over time.
Prevention Of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Since GBS is often triggered by infections, taking preventive measures to avoid infections and maintain a strong immune system can help reduce the risk.
- Practice Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water. Avoid consuming contaminated food or water to prevent infections like Campylobacter jejuni.
- Strengthen Immunity: Maintain a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals. Exercise regularly to keep the immune system strong.
- Seek Medical Attention for Infections: If you experience flu-like symptoms, food poisoning, or other infections, seek timely medical treatment to reduce complications.
- Monitor Post-Surgical Recovery: If you have recently undergone surgery, stay vigilant for any unusual symptoms like numbness, weakness, or difficulty in movement.
[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article, including treatment suggestions shared by doctors, is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]
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